Gender Stereotypes And Objectification Of Women - 888 Words

When starting this ePhoto project, I thought it was going to be really hard to find pictures for each week’s topics. However, I found that it was very easy to connect class topics to social media. Most of my photos came from Facebook, and Buzzfeed, a YouTube channel that posts videos on social change. In this paper, I will be analysis my photos over the semester by discussing overarching themes, in particular, gender stereotypes and objectification of women. Then I will analyze the photos from an intersectionality perspective and its importance. In addition, I will self-reflect about how gender, sex, and sexuality influence my life and how my beliefs have been challenged over the semester. Finally, I will conclude my paper with ways, in which, we can make social change, so we can reduce gender stereotypes. Themes There were two major overarching themes that I noticed in my ePhoto album, I will first address gender stereotypes, which is the most prevalent theme. Gender stereotypes are beliefs that we associate with a gender, male or female (Matlin, 2012). Stereotyping can be non-conscious and automatically processed by breaking down information so that it is easier to recall to memory. Some commonly known stereotypes are that women are to be feminine, caring, or nurturing, while men are to be strong, aggressive and unemotional (as cited in Henderson, 2015). In my photos, I have been breaking these social norms and receiving some social backlash. For example, in week 4 IShow MoreRelatedWomen s Rights Of Women1655 Words   |  7 Pagesrights of women in the contemporary world, modernity has created systems in which women are prevented from achieving equality. One of the most popular influences in today’s society is the media. Female objectification in media has damagingly grown with the emergence of modernity. Unquestionably, this is an important sociological issue to address. Often in the modern world, the ideology of feminism is considered unnecessary. However, in spite of technological development, female objectification remainsRead MoreObjectification Of Women And Women1462 Words   |  6 Pages Objectification of women works with benevolent sexism to further oppress women in the media through its effects on self-esteem and well-being. Rollero’s (2013) article â€Å"Men and women facing objectification: The effects of media models on well-being, self-esteem and ambivalent sexism† examines media representations of men and women and how they are related to levels of sexism and psychological well-being. The literature on objectification has mostly indicated the connection between viewing objectifiedRead MoreThe Effects Of Media On Women s Self Esteem1327 Words   |  6 Pagesfurther deepening gender inequality within our society. I will argue this by discussing the effect media has on women’s self esteem, how the media promotes a patriarchal society and the stereotypes it presents to the public. Finally, I will discuss the sexual objectification of women presented in the media and later examine how individuals have taken this matter into their own hands, and are using social media to create positive change. The media promotes low self esteem among women because it presentsRead MoreThe Video Game Industry and the Objectification and Stereotyping of Women 1322 Words   |  5 PagesHow can an industry with widespread appeal to men and women continue to misrepresent and misgender women? Video games have been used as a platform for entertainment between the ages of 18 and 49. The entertainment factor of video games comes from the various forms of art, cultures, worlds, languages, and stories that come from each individual game. The male players of video games lead the market, causing the industry of video games to create games that would appeal to males, such as creating femaleRead MoreKilling Us Softly : Advertising s Image Of Women913 Words   |  4 PagesAdvertising’s Image of Women In the video, Killing Us Softly: Advertising’s Image of Women, the way women are portrayed in advertising is explored in great detail. The video exposes the gender stereotypes that are depicted in advertising on a regular basis. The effects of mass advertising are also explored particularly the effect of objectification of women on young girls. Young girls and women are affected by these constant and never-ending advertisements sexualizing women and marginalizing themRead MoreGender And Gender Roles876 Words   |  4 Pagesabout gender roles and stereotypes, I just went with it. As I grew older I was forced to face reality and deal with the gender roles and stereotypes. I wasn’t a masculine kid and always had feminine features and attributes. I never liked playing rough, I didn’t like to get in trouble or cuss. This resulted in me being teased and called gay in elementary school. I had to fake a persona in order to not be bullied and teased everyday. The bullyi ng and teasing came from the viewing of stereotypes at aRead MoreEssay about Gender Based Stereotype in the Media1723 Words   |  7 Pageswhen the media insinuate the wrong and negative messages, consequently leading to unwarranted stereotypes. Particularly, the media can lead to gender based stereotypes when to communicate the wrong type of messages (Wood 31). On the contrary, there are certain scholars who believe the media is a mirror of the society. It is not directly responsible for any stereotypes but rather highlight the stereotypes existing in the society (Tozer, Gallegos, Henry, Greiner 444). While this to some extend isRead MoreGender Equality And Gender Discrimination1429 Words   |  6 PagesGender equality has been actively sought out for, chiefly by women, throughout history with a goal to establish equal rights and opportunities among all genders. While extensive progress has been achieved towards women’s rights throughout the twentieth century, women conti nue to experience gender discrimination on a daily basis. Even with the Equal Rights Amendment in the Constitution which refrains from inequality of rights concerning sex, gender inequality continues to persist Gender discriminationRead MoreGender And The Media By Rosalind Gill1596 Words   |  7 Pages Book Review of Gender and the Media by Rosalind Gill Gender and the Media by Rosalind Gill addresses gender stereotypes that are brought onto women and men through the media resulting in objectification and subjectification. Gill discusses how the representation of gender is altered as a result of the media in Western societies. Gender and the Media is aimed to address the rapid transmission of media and how those changes affect the construction of feminine and masculine gender roles in societyRead MoreSexual Discrimination And Gender Discrimination1384 Words   |  6 Pages sex based discrimination, gender discrimination or sexism is a type of prejudice or discrimination based on a person s sex or gender usually by the opposite gender. Thus, it generally refers to discrimination against a male by a female or a female by a male. Feminism can therefore be considered a form of sexism. More often than not however, sexism is commonly applied to the unfair treatment of women, the denial of opportunity to women or an injustice towards wom en, which is how this paper will

It’s Time to Include Gays and Lesbians in Our Study of...

The growth of gay people as a group has been astonishing. It is not possible to guess how exactly we will grow from our experiences in the years ahead, but it is possible to predict that growth will continue, one way or another. A diverse and strong global community has been established.(Clark 60) Dr. Don Clark, clinical psychologist and university professor, boldly expresses his views on the changing nature of the gay and lesbian community in his text, Loving Someone Gay. Clark describes how far gay people have advanced in the last thirty years, moving from isolated and fearful existences to lives marked by political power and potential. Indeed, the gay community, and lesbians in particular, have transformed into large and respected†¦show more content†¦Because the novel presents a portrayal of lesbianism that is far removed from current gay culture, it is not truly contemporary to the audience for which it was intended. To include it in such a curriculum would be an insult to the lesbian community of today. When first introduced, Rubyfruit Jungle was a tremendous commercial success. Hailed by many as the ultimate lesbian novel of its time, it took a bold and bawdy look at the lesbian experience in America. The storyline moved quickly, tracing the experiences of Molly Bolt, a young southern girl who had been adopted by a severe, conservative mother and her more liberal husband. Brown’s novel set a tone that was direct and controversial, and employed language that had never before been used in connection with the lesbian experience (Pela 2). The novel is uniquely American, as it traces Molly’s young life from her earliest years in York, Pennsylvania, through a move to a small southern town in Georgia, and finally to the city of New York, where Molly feels as though she belongs. In each setting, Brown forcefully exhibits her craft by capturing not just the dialogue, but the mannerisms, biases, and cultural peculiarities of each locale. Molly’s reactions to each move in her life reveal much, not just about her character and motivations, but about life in the latter half of the twentieth century. America began a shift toward a period of inclusion and acceptance of minorities and other subcultures in the 1960’sShow MoreRelatedSexual Sexuality And Its Effects On Society1443 Words   |  6 Pages and sexual self-expression is seen by many to be essential for heathy personhood. The media, public schools and medical professional often teach that healthy adults, or even adolescents, should explore their desires and express them. At the same time, sex is much less than it used to be. Sexual acts are often considered morally neutral, with no resulting shame or honor (reference). Brain science can help adolescents and parents sort through the confusion around sexual orientation, help eliminateRead MoreTalk shows are becoming increasingly popular and widespread forms of entertainment, however the1700 Words   |  7 Pagesempowering individuals and allowing them to share their experiences, has been replaced by a focus on celebrity figures and largely insignificant matters of public interest. The Ellen Degeneres show is a contemporary talk show which although does include therapeutic narratives of disadvantaged individuals including Ellen’s own struggle with discrimination, is mainly comprised of the disclosing of intimate details of celebrity lives. Through her use of humour in dealing with issues of a more seriousRead MoreMasculinity Is Biologically Constructed And Features Of Traits1264 Words   |  6 PagesMasculinity is biologically constructed and consists of traits such as aggressiveness, non-emotional, competitiveness, and tough skinned, strong, and hard. 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Finally, ways to implement queer education into elementary school curriculaRead MoreReflective Paper on Gay Marriage2764 Words   |  12 Pagesor Two Dresses: It’s Still Love Shaka Ammons Introduction to Ethics and Social Responsibility Nadine Acevedo January 28, 2013 Today many people have their own opinions and beliefs when it comes down to the topic of gay marriage. I personally feel that gay marriage should be legalized. Yes God said, â€Å"That marriage is to be between a man and a woman.† My question is, â€Å"What gives people the right to judge or tell another human-being who to love or how to love?† I personally feel it’s insulting to one’sRead MoreWhat Makes A Business A Good Business? Essay3442 Words   |  14 PagesLesbian, Gay, bisexual, and transgender make up one of the largest minority groups in the workforce but happen to be the least discussed when it comes to building relationships with employees. As a result, they deal with numerous challenges in terms of them coming out to employers, wage inequality, GLBT employee support groups, the effects of GLBT (non) discrimination on the workplace and business outcomes are identified as the major themes of my current review. Social institutions, legal framew orksRead MoreThe Legalization Of Gay Marriage1638 Words   |  7 PagesThe most important cultural development in America in the last twenty-five years has definitely been the legalization of gay marriage. Few other issues in public policy have resulted in such a dramatic shift in public opinion as the controversy same-sex marriage and the rights that come along with the institute of marriage. The decade of the seventies was the time when numerous state statutes materialized defining marriages to only be valid between and man and a woman. Later in the nineties and onRead MoreSexual Orientation, Homosexuality, And Bisexuality2172 Words   |  9 Pagesheterosexuality, homosexuality, and bisexuality. People who are attracted to members of the other gender often call themselves straight or heterosexual. People who are attracted to people of the same gender often call themselves gay or homosexual. Women who are gay may prefer the term lesbian. People who are attracted to both men and w omen often call themselves bisexual. People whose attractions span across the gender identity possibilities (male, female, transgender, genderqueer, intersex, etc.) may call themselvesRead More The Scapegoating of Homosexuals as Threats to Society Essay5600 Words   |  23 PagesPolitics of Exclusion - The Scapegoating of Homosexuals as Threats to Society It is hard to believe that this bill is anything other than a thinly veiled attempt to score political debating points by scapegoating gay and lesbian Americans.-John F. Kerry The monster lulls reason into a night of unknowing in which sleeping leviathans do not lie.-Timothy K. Beal Introduction The scapegoating of homosexuals as monstrous threats to the order of society allows for their exclusion fromRead MoreSame Sex Marriage - Implication to Moral Values3246 Words   |  13 PagesGay Marriage: Social Implications There has been much controversy on the subject of gay marriage for a long time, and in several different areas. There has been conflict in the educational, the legal (governmental rights), and the religious aspects, among others. Amidst all the confusion and chaos that comes from the usually rather passionate opinions on this issue, the question that seriously needs to be considered is this: How would legalizing gay marriage ultimately affect American society as

Cybersecurity Controls and Digital Manufacturing †MyAssignmenthelp.co

Question: Discuss about the Cybersecurity Controls and Digital Manufacturing. Answer: Introduction: A most concerned web link that was discovered in May 4, 2017 was the data breach of the Gmail Accounts across many regions around the world (Kreutz et al., 2017). This data breach mainly involved displaying of passwords, messages that were private and also other data that were sensitive from various sites that includes services like Uber, OKCupid and FitBit. The problem rose from a famous company CloudBleed that provides Security Services for Internet, distributed domain name server services and also provided delivery network that provided network to Gmail (Solic et al., 2017). The attack was named as CloudBleed as it aroused from CloudFlare. The virus that was detected was similar to that of famous HeartBleed virus that was discovered in 2015 but was more serious in terms of data leakage. When request came to CloudFlare, random pieces of memory were returned from unsafe servers. Moreover, one more serious issue rose from this condition. The search engines were caching the information that was leaked. CloudFlare hosts content typically from different sites on same server. This created another main issue regarding the data breach (LN, Wibowo Wells, 2017). A request that is made to one unsafe site reveals the information of other site that is not related to the site of CloudFlare. For an instance, it someone visited a Uber.com page, a piece of memory that was made previous from another site was displayed on the page. That means someone elses password is displayed in some others site. Tavis Ormandy, Google bug hunter discovered the issue first on February 17. How the problem occurred and why The problem arose when CloudFlare modified and determined the web pages when some clients clicked the site. When the data was sent to server, the server failed to determine the data properly and distribute some parts of memory bouncing over the design that was made to keep the information secure (Corra, Enembreck Silla, 2017). The design that the server bounced into was called as buffer. The memory that was bounced might have some secret numbers or passwords or some private messages. Ormandy discovered this issue by aiming a bunch of load data at the servers of CloudFlare. This process of aiming bunch of junk data at some server is known as fuzzing. He discovered the issue because he got back some responses that had data from the memory. He was then sure that the sensitive data that returned could be duplicated by someone. Google started searching the web to get an idea about the information that had been breached (Birje et al., 2017). They came with a conclusion that 161 such domains that were unique had cached by search engines and all the data was cleaned up. Security researchers of Google, Natalie Silvanovich consider that the data breach would lead to severe impact on the reputation of the website. The CloudFlare was continuously trying to erase the bug from the server but that would also take some time. The bug received bu the users came as inbox email to the users. The email showed an attached doc file showing GDocs or Google Docs which seemed as a valid contact to the users. The users were asked to check the attack file. The users were taken to the security page which was a real Google page and users were inquired to give permission to use the email account of the user. The worst factor was that bug sent contacts of all the user that were affected to a single user that falls in the trap, making hundred of copies of the credentials. The strategy that was used was a common one, but the worm that came through was very dangerous causing devastation among the millions of users (Will et al., 2017). The wicked link looked exceptionally trustworthy and realistic and the email that was received in the inbox of the clients also looked as if it came from real users and the data needed to login was the Googles real login credentials. The vulnerability that was detected lasts only for an hour. Google said that they were able to disable the affected accounts and updated the users regarding this vulnerability. The NBC news stated that the bug has not affected even 0.1 percent of the Gmail users that is approximately around 1 million among the 1billion users. It was not possible to suspect the victims behind this vulnerability. Having a control on the Gmail account of the user, hackers can get hold of all the personal data of the user that is sent or received in their email. The consequences that can happen from this is that hackers can reset the passwords and get hold of the users account. Possible solutions that are possible The malicious email that was received by the user seemed as a real copy of message from a trusted user or a trusted site (Fowler, 2017). The mail was sent to a email address (hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh@mailinator.com) that was fake and the email address of the user was provided in the BCC section. It is suggested that if someone receives a mail from Gmail with mailinator.com, they are to report that mail as phishing, which is provided in the down arrow beside the reply button. Click the Report phising and then delete the mail. If the malicious link is clicked by mistake, then permission should not be granted when GDocs app asks the permission for. If then also someone falls under this scam, then the victim is suggested to go to their Google connected sites console and invalidate the access to Google Docs and change your password. It is suggested to invalidate any applications that are in the list which are not recognizable. Case Study on Ransomware Cyber-Attack On 12th May, 2017 Friday evening, the ransomware attack took place which was named as WannaCry. This ransomware attack infected nearly one-fourth of the million computers (Choi, Scott LeClair, 2017). A ransomware attack had begun from the breaking of cyber weapons that was linked with the US government which has faltered the hospitals of England and spread over many countries over the world. The latest of all the upcoming attacks is the WannaCry attack. The process of this attack does not include stealing or copying of personal data. They holds on the data hostage and demands for a compensation of money. The ransomware spread over South America and United States by that Friday evening and made its attack as stated by the security researchers Malware Hunter Team (Pat?Cornell et al., 2017). The attack was made in a scattered way rather than making it as comparatively small over a targeted area. This attack was not particularly for particularly large institutions or companies. Those who got this worm were under their attack. The security researchers of the Kaspersky Lab have registered more than 45,000 attacks that were held in approximately 99 countries which include Russia, Ukraine, UK, Egypt, Italy, China and India. Major companies of telecommunications were affected in Spain. This procedure became active on 14th April with the help of a group known as Shadow Brokers. This Shadow Broker had robbed a cache of cyber weapon from NSA. There was some uncertainty about the group extending its scale of hacking. Spam email A malignant attachment to the emails is the most familiar way of getting the ransomware into a machine of the user (Glavach, LaSalle-DeSantis Zimmerman, 2017). Very large volumes of spam campaigns are mostly used in ransomware attack and techniques of social engineering are used to fraud the users for trusting them (Collier, 2017). For an instance, an email that states an attachment regarding a missing delivery of a company delivering parcel comes to the user. The common attachments that are been used are: .xls, .xlsx, .doc, .docm, .docx, .lnk, .js, .ppt and many more extensions. These files are mainly archive file that comes as .zip or .rar. The other way of ramsomware attack is using of Exploit Kits (EK). This Exploit Kits are the tools that are used by the criminals for identifying the accountabilities and also determine which machine is not patched. This EKs method uses website that have already been hacked and to them a small amount of affected code is added with the website code (Mohurle Patil, 2017). When a user clicks on this website, they are directly taken to the server of the hacker that manages the Exploit Kits. More than ten thousand real websites are negotiated by this method of EK. In some of the cases, negotiating is not done by the websites. In place of that advertisement are displayed that have malicious codes in them. This process is known as Malvertising. If the user does not patch their system regularly, EK has a way to find an account and to exploit it. How was the attack carried out? The ramsomware starts its work by attacking to the machine, and execute the files. The connection to Criminals Command and Control Server (CC) and sending data regarding the host is done once the user runs the executable file or other infected files (Young Yung, 2017). The connection that is established is called C2 traffic or call home. HTTP and standard port 80 and HTTPS protocols and post 443 are mainly used in this method. The data that are sent by the ransomware is usually IP addresses, details regarding operating system, permission for accessing account and the details regarding geographical areas (Pope, 2017). Hackers may use these data to make more number of attacks. The ransomware has privileges on the admin domain. The CC sends the encryption key that are needed to encrypt the files that are in the machine as soon as they receives the data. This process is done in two parts (Copeland, 2017). First the machine is infected and then the encryption is done. To keep the keys secret, this method is applied. Without the encryption keys, it is not possible to decrypt the files. After receiving the encryption keys, the ramsomware starts to decrypt the file and concentrates on the local files. Then after on all the removable devices such as external hard drives or USBs and get access on all the network location that includes the network shares and mapped drives. To get on all the files may take hours, even days depending on all the volume of the size of the file and can stop only when the user turns of the system or it has finished working. The files on which the ransomware attack creates a ransom note. These notes are send in formats such as .txt, . png, .html to make sure that the user opens the files. The note is saved on the desktop of the user machine and it also changes the image of the background of the desktop. Some parts of the ramsomware create a payload that is secondary to the machine after the encryption is done. The ransomware is mainly noticeable and destructive. The second payload is normally hidden to user and they are undetected on machine of the user. The payload that is secondary is mainly designed to steal the passwords and usernames. The final step of the ransomware is to erase itself from the machine. This process is done so that the user does not get to know about the ransomware attack had occurred. The system of the user is left with corrupted files and the note that is generated by the ransomware. These files of ramsomware are not usually removed by antivirus. The other names of ramsomware are CryptoDefense, CryptoWall or CryptoLocker. This attack is one of the main broad and harmful threats that are faced in present days. It take the files of the system or the network they have targeted, encrypts the files and demands money to unlock those files. What could have been done to prevent the attack? It is not possible to protect the system from the ramsomware attack. The following processes are to be done while a client faces an attack of ransomware: Before shutting down the system, the users are suggested to take a picture of the system memory. This will help to get know the vector of the ransomware and as well as cryptograph the materials that are needed to decrypt data. To stop the further spread of ransomware and stop the damage of the data, it is advised to shut down the system. All emails should be recalled that carries ramsomware files to prevent the system. Network accesses are blocked so that the command and control servers that are used by ransomware are identified. References Birje, M. N., Challagidad, P. S., Goudar, R. H., Tapale, M. T. (2017). Cloud computing review: concepts, technology, challenges and security.International Journal of Cloud Computing,6(1), 32-57. Choi, K. S., Scott, T. M., LeClair, D. P. (2017). Ransomware against police: diagnosis of risk factors via application of cyber-routine activities theory.International Journal of Forensic Science Pathology. Clarke, R., Youngstein, T. (2017). Cyberattack on Britains National Health ServiceA Wake-up Call for Modern Medicine.New England Journal of Medicine. Collier, R. (2017). NHS ransomware attack spreads worldwide. Copeland, M. (2017). Cybersecurity: How Security Vulnerabilities Affect Your Business. InCyber Security on Azure(pp. 3-31). Apress, Berkeley, CA. Corra, D. G., Enembreck, F., Silla, C. N. (2017, May). An investigation of the hoeffding adaptive tree for the problem of network intrusion detection. InNeural Networks (IJCNN), 2017 International Joint Conference on(pp. 4065-4072). IEEE. Fowler, K. (2016).Data Breach Preparation and Response: Breaches are Certain, Impact is Not. Syngress. Glavach, D., LaSalle-DeSantis, J., Zimmerman, S. (2017). Applying and Assessing Cybersecurity Controls for Direct Digital Manufacturing (DDM) Systems. InCybersecurity for Industry 4.0(pp. 173-194). Springer International Publishing. Kreutz, D., Esteves-Verissimo, P., Magalhaes, C., Ramos, F. (2017). The KISS principle in Software-Defined Networking: An architecture for Keeping It Simple and Secure.arXiv preprint arXiv:1702.04294. LN, P. B., Wibowo, S., Wells, M. (2017, June). Data Security and Privacy on the Cloud: Driving to the Next Era of Technology with Confidence. InInternational Conference on Mobile and Wireless Technology(pp. 203-212). Springer, Singapore. Mohurle, S., Patil, M. (2017). A brief study of Wannacry Threat: Ransomware Attack 2017.International Journal,8(5). Pat?Cornell, M., Kuypers, M., Smith, M., Keller, P. (2017). Cyber Risk Management for Critical Infrastructure: A Risk Analysis Model and Three Case Studies.Risk Analysis. Pope, J. (2017). Ransomware: Minimizing the Risks.Innovations in clinical neuroscience,13(11-12), 37. Solic, K., Ocevcic, H., Fosic, I., Horvat, I., Vukovic, M., Ramljak, T. (2017, May). Towards overall information security and privacy (ISP) taxonomy. InInformation and Communication Technology, Electronics and Microelectronics (MIPRO), 2017 40th International Convention on(pp. 1298-1301). IEEE. Will, M. A., Garae, J., Tan, Y. S., Scoon, C., Ko, R. K. (2017, April). Returning Control of Data to Users with a Personal Information Crunch-A Position Paper. InCloud Computing Research and Innovation (ICCCRI), 2017 International Conference on(pp. 23-32). IEEE. Young, A. L., Yung, M. (2017). Cryptovirology: The birth, neglect, and explosion of ransomware.Communications of the ACM,60(7), 24-26.

History of the Roman Empire Essay Example For Students

History of the Roman Empire Essay Roman Empire, political system established by Rome that lasted for nearly five centuries. Historians usually date the beginning of the Roman Empire from 27 bc when the Roman Senate gave Gaius Octavius the name Augustus and he became the undisputed emperor after years of bitter civil war. At its peak the empire included lands throughout the Mediterranean world. Rome had first expanded into other parts of Italy and neighboring territories during the Roman Republic (509-27 bc), but made wider conquests and solidified political control of these lands during the empire. The empire lasted until Germanic invasions, economic decline, and internal unrest in the 4th and 5th centuries ad ended Romes ability to dominate such a huge territory. The Romans and their empire gave cultural and political shape to the subsequent history of Europe from the Middle Ages and the Renaissance to the present day. In 44 bc Gaius Julius Caesar, the Roman leader who ruled the Roman Republic as a dictator, was ass assinated . Rome descended into more than ten years of civil war and political upheaval. After Caesars heir Gaius Octavius (also known as Octavian) defeated his last rivals, the Senate in 27 bc proclaimed him Augustus, meaning the exalted or holy one. In this way Augustus established the monarchy that became known as the Roman Empire. The Roman Republic, which had lasted nearly 500 years, was dead, never to be revived. The empire would endure for another 500 years until ad 476 (See Ancient Rome). The emperor Augustus reigned from 27 bc to ad 14 and ruled with absolute power. He reestablished political and social stability and launched two centuries of prosperity called the Roman Peace (Pax Romana). Under his rule the Roman state began its transformation into the greatest and most influential political institution in European history. During the first two centuries ad the empire flourished and added new territories, notably ancient Britain, Arabia, and Dacia (present-day Romania). People from the Roman provinces streamed to Rome, where they became soldiers, bureaucrats, senators, and even emperors. Rome developed into the social, economic, and cultural capital of the Mediterranean world. Despite the attention given to tyrannical and often vicious leaders like the emperors Caligula and Nero, most emperors ruled sensibly and competently until military and economic disasters brought on the political instability of the 3rd century ad. The Roman Empire encompassed a huge amount of territory, but also allowed people of many different cultures to retain their heritage into modern times. The empire helped to perpetuate the art, literature, and philosophy of the Greeks, the religious and ethical system of the Jews, the new religion of the Christians, Babylonian astronomy and astrology, and cultural elements from Persia, Egypt, and other eastern civilizations. The Romans supplied their own peculiar talents for government, law, and architecture and also spread their Latin language. In this way they created the Greco-Roman synthesis, the rich combination of cultural elements that for two millennia has shaped what we call the Western tradition. The Romans formed that synthesis during the longest continuous period of peaceful prosperity that the Mediterranean world has ever known. Even after a German invader in ad 476 deposed Romulus Augustulus, the last emperor residing in Rome, emperors who called themselves Roman (althou gh they are known historically as Byzantine) continued to rule in Constantinople until ad 1453 (See Byzantine Empire). The impact of the Roman people endures until the present day. After the founding of Rome in 753 bc, powerful kings ruled until, according to patriotic legend, the Romans expelled the last foreign monarch in 509 bc and established a more representative form of government known as the Roman Republic. In the five centuries the republic existed, Rome expanded from a small community on the hills beside the Tiber River into the major power of the Mediterranean world. After centuries of warfare the Romans conquered other peoples who lived in the surrounding regions and by 266 bc controlled the entire Italian Peninsula. The Romans then embarked on their conquest of the rest of the Mediterranean basin. First they defeated their great rival, Carthage, whose possessions, including Sicily, Spain, and North Africa, became Roman provinces. During the 2nd and 1st centuries bc, Romes military forces, known as legions, fought against kings and city-states in the eastern Mediterranean to bring Greece, Asia Minor (roughly modern Turkey), Syria, Judea, and Egypt u nder Roman control. In the west, Julius Caesar conquered Gaul, which included all of modern France, so that the Roman frontiers extended from the Sahara to the North Sea and from Spain to the Near East. This remarkable military achievement transformed the Romans themselves. Roman imperialism introduced extremes of wealth and poverty that sharpened social and economic conflict within the Roman state. The flood of military plunder and captured slaves dramatically changed the countryside as small farms gave way to large plantations, and landless peasants migrated to Rome and other cities. Immense wealth inflamed the ambitions of Roman nobles who struggled for personal domination rather than collective rule. The historian Sallust expressed the view of later Romans who believed that the wealth of empire corrupted the once noble Roman people. Nearly a century of intermittent civil war, which extended from the rule of the Gracchi, beginning about 133 bc, to the death of Gaius Julius Caesar in 44 bc, threatened to destroy the unity and prosperity of Rome itself (See also Gracchus, Gaius Sempronius and Gracchus, Tiberius Sempronius). .u263a895565c55cf0eecc312426b535ba , .u263a895565c55cf0eecc312426b535ba .postImageUrl , .u263a895565c55cf0eecc312426b535ba .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u263a895565c55cf0eecc312426b535ba , .u263a895565c55cf0eecc312426b535ba:hover , .u263a895565c55cf0eecc312426b535ba:visited , .u263a895565c55cf0eecc312426b535ba:active { border:0!important; } .u263a895565c55cf0eecc312426b535ba .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u263a895565c55cf0eecc312426b535ba { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u263a895565c55cf0eecc312426b535ba:active , .u263a895565c55cf0eecc312426b535ba:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u263a895565c55cf0eecc312426b535ba .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u263a895565c55cf0eecc312426b535ba .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u263a895565c55cf0eecc312426b535ba .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u263a895565c55cf0eecc312426b535ba .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u263a895565c55cf0eecc312426b535ba:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u263a895565c55cf0eecc312426b535ba .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u263a895565c55cf0eecc312426b535ba .u263a895565c55cf0eecc312426b535ba-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u263a895565c55cf0eecc312426b535ba:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Martin Luther King jr. EssayIn 49 bc Caesar, who had held many of the highest political offices in Rome, marched into Italy to challenge the leaders of the republic. My Dear Teacher, I am too lazy to study for your class and decided that I would download a paper off of the internet and turn it in. Please fail me miserably and then turn me into the office for punishment. After defeating his enemies, he ruled as dictator until his murder on the Ides of March (March 15 by the Roman calendar) in 44 bc. Caesars assassins, Marcus Junius Brutus and Gaius Cassius Longinus, hoped to restore the republic, but it was no longer possible. Neither the urban masses nor the military would allow the old aristocracy to regain control. Rome needed a strong hand to administer the state and control the army, since the old system of government was unsuitable to rule an empire of 50 million subjects. If Rome wanted to maintain its dominance, the government needed to create new administrative and military institutions. Caesar planned to transform the Roman state, but his few years in power were insufficient. His followers included his longtime military deputy, Mark Antony, and his great-nephew (and adopted son), Octavian. They first defeated Brutus and Cassius at Philippi, a city of ancient Macedonia, in 42 bc before turning on each other. By 30 bc Octavian was the unchallenged successor to Caesar and the master of Rome. Three years later the Senate proclaimed him Augustus, the supreme ruler.